Avaliação morfológica do cólon proximal de ratos diabéticos suplementados com extrato de Agaricus blazei murrill / Morphological evaluation of the proximal colon of diabetic rats supplemented with agaricus blazei murrill extract / Evaluación morfológica del colon proximal de ratas diabéticas suplementadas con extracto de agaricus blazei murrill

O diabetes mellitus tipo I é resultado da absoluta deficiência de insulina, estando associado à anormalidades no metabolismo. Transtornos no trato gastrointestinal, tais como vômitos, disfagia e diarreia são frequentes no diabetes, sendo relacionados a alterações na morfologia intestinal e no sistema nervoso entérico. Compostos ricos em antioxidantes vem sendo utilizados como prevenção ou tratamento do diabetes. Agaricus blazei Murrill possui grande interesse farmacológico pelas propriedades anti-inflamató- rias, hipoglicêmicas e antioxidantes. Neste trabalho, avaliamos a integridade estrutural da parede e inervação intrínseca do cólon proximal em modelo experimental de diabetes induzido por estreptozotocina, tratados ou não com A. blazei. Ratos Wistar foram dividi- dos em grupos: normoglicêmicos (N), diabéticos (D) e com suplementação (NB e DB) por gavagem do extrato hidroalcoólico de Agaricus blazei (200mg/Kg), por 120 dias. Amostras do cólon proximal foram destinadas à técnicas histológicas para análise mor- fométrica da túnica mucosa, profundidade das criptas, muscular da mucosa, muscular ex- terna e parede total, número de células caliciformes e avaliação morfoquantitativa da pop- ulação mioentérica. O diabetes promoveu redução da muscular externa e muscular da mucosa com aumento na profundidade das criptas e área nuclear neuronal. O extrato promoveu hipertrofia da mucosa e muscular da mucosa. Houve manutenção na espessura da parede total, número de células caliciformes e na população neuronal mioentérica no diabetes e na suplementação. Conclui-se que o diabetes induzido por estreptozotocina e a suplementação com o extrato de Agaricus blazei causam ajustes morfológicos nas túnicas intestinais, sem interferir na parede e inervação mioentérica do cólon proximal, preservando a morfofisiologia absortiva e motora deste segmento

Type I diabetes mellitus is a result of absolute insulin deficiency and is associated with abnormalities in metabolism. Disorders in the gastrointestinal tract, such as vomiting, dysphagia and diarrhea are common in diabetes, being related to changes in intestinal morphology and enteric nervous system. Antioxidant rich compounds have been used as prevention or treatment of diabetes. Agaricus blazei Murrill is highly pharmacologically interested in anti-inflammatory, hypoglycemic and antioxidant properties. In this work, we evaluated the structural integrity of the wall and intrinsic innervation of the proximal colon in an experimental model of streptozotocin-induced diabetes, treated or not with A. blazei Wistar rats were divided into groups: normoglycemic (N), diabetic (D) and supplementation (NB and DB) by gavage of the hydroalcoholic extract of Agaricus blazei (200mg / kg) for 120 days. Samples of the proximal colon were used for histological techniques for morphometric analysis of the mucosa, depth of the crypts, muscularis mucosa, external muscular and total wall, number of goblet cells and morpho-quantitative evaluation of the myenteric population. Diabetes promoted reduction of muscularis mucosa and external muscular with increased depth of the crypts and nuclear neuronal area. The extract promoted mucosa and muscular of the mucosa hypertrophy. There were maintenance of total wall thickness, number of goblet cells and in the myenteric neuronal population in diabetes and supplementation. It is concluded that streptozotocin-induced diabetes and supplementation with Agaricus blazei extract cause morphological adjustments in the intestinal tunica, without interfering with the wall and myenteric innervation of the proximal colon, preserving the absorptive and motor morphophysiology of this segment.

La diabetes mellitus tipo I es el resultado de la deficiencia absoluta de insulina y se asocia con anomalías en el metabolismo. Los trastornos del tracto gastrointestinal, como vómitos, disfagia y diarrea son frecuentes en la diabetes, estando relacionados con cambios en la morfología intestinal y en el sistema nervioso entérico. Los compuestos ricos en antioxidantes se han utilizado como prevención o tratamiento de la diabetes. Agaricus blazei Murrill está muy interesado farmacológicamente en propiedades antiinflamatorias, hipoglucémicas y antioxidantes. En este trabajo, se evaluó la integridad estructural de la pared e inervación intrínseca del colon proximal en un modelo experimental de diabetes inducida por estreptozotocina, tratada o no con ratas A. blazei Wistar, divididas en grupos: normoglucémico (N), diabético (D) y suplementación (NB y DB) por sonda del extracto hidroalcohólico de Agaricus blazei (200mg/kg) por 120 días. Se utilizaron muestras del colon proximal para técnicas histológicas de análisis morfométrico de la mucosa, profundidad de las criptas, mucosa muscular, pared externa muscular y total, número de células caliciformes y evaluación morfo-cuantitativa de la población mientérica. La diabetes promovió la reducción de la muscular de la mucosa y de la muscular externa con el aumento de la profundidad de las criptas y del área neuronal nuclear. El extracto promovió la hipertrofia mucosa y muscular de la mucosa. Hubo mantenimiento del espesor total de la pared, número de células caliciformes y en la población neuronal mientérica en diabetes y suplementación. Se concluye que la diabetes inducida por estreptozotocina y la suplementación con extracto de Agaricus blazei causan ajustes morfológicos en la túnica intestinal, sin interferir con la pared e inervación mientérica del colon proximal, conservando la morfofisiología absortiva y motora de este segmento.

Morphological characteristics of bone marrow and peripheral blood in 1 151 cases diagnosed with de novo acute leukemia / 中华检验医学杂志

Objective:To observe and analyze the morphological characteristic of bone marrow and peripheral blood in patients diagnosed with de novo acute leukemia.Methods:From October 1, 2015 to December 31, 2021, 1151 patients aged 47 (26, 62) years, consisting of 602 males and 549 females with newly diagnosed acute leukemia in the Department of Hematology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, were collected to preform the morphological analysis in bone marrow and peripheral blood smears. Based on the comprehensive diagnosis results of morphology, immunology, cytogenetics, and molecular biology, comparison between acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), AML with RUNX1-RUNXITI gene, AML with CBFβ/MYH11 gene, acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) with PML/RARA gene, AML with NPM1 gene, the rest of the AML, Ph+ALL and Ph-ALL were performed by Chi-square test along with analysis of the differences in the ratio of wood bundle cells, pseudo-Chediak-Higashi (PCH) inclusions, cytoplasmic small particles, nuclear notches, leukemia cells with cup-like changes (cup cells); as well as the differences in the micromeganuclei, early immature granulocytes, plasma cells, high eosinophils and other accompanying cells and the distribution of "grape-like" aggregation. Finally, the morphological characteristics of acute leukemia cells, the appearance and arrangement of accompanying cells were summarized.Results:Between AML and ALL, there were statistically significant differences in cytoplasmic Auer bodies[(45.5%, 0%), χ 2=211.400, P<0.01], PCH inclusion bodies[(28.9%, 0%), χ 2=114.100, P<0.01], cytoplasmic fine particles[(20.7%, 2.9%), χ 2=53.798, P<0.01], nuclear notches[(0.7%, 6.1%), χ 2=30.906, P<0.01], and goblet cells[(4.9%, 0.3%), χ 2=13.495, P<0.01], micromegakaryus [(22.4%, 0.3%), χ 2=80.398, P<0.01], plasma cells[(87.6%, 10.6%), χ 2=604.241, P<0.01], hyperacidophils[(15.3%, 1.0%), χ 2=46.116, P<0.01] showed significant differences in the "grape-like" aggregation distribution. In AML with RUNX1-RUNXITI gene, the changes of vacuoles and PCH inclusion bodies are more obvious; in AML with CBFβ/MYH11 gene, the increase of hypereosinophils is more obvious; in APL with PML/RARA gene, the increase of woodbundle is more obvious. The morphology of nuclei chromatin, nucleolus, and vacuoles were also different among the groups. Comparison between Ph+ALL and Ph-ALL showed that Ph+ALL was more prone to develop early immature granulocytes and plasma cells (all P<0.05). Conclusion:There are significant differences between AML and ALL in the characteristics of leukemia cells, the regularity of accompanying cells, and the aggregation and distribution patterns. The subtypes of AML with specific genetic abnormalities have their own characteristics in the appearance of vacuoles, PCH inclusions, hypereosinophils, woodbundle cells, and goblet cells. Ph+ALL is more prone to present early immature granulocytes and plasma cells.

Anatomy and histology of the digestive tract and immunolocalization of Npy in the fish Cichlasoma dimerus (Cichliformes: Cichlidae) / Anatomía e histología del tracto digestivo e inmunolocalización del Npy (péptido orexigénico) en el pez Cichlasoma dimerus (Cichliformes: Cichlidae)

Abstract Introduction: The digestive tract of Neotropical cichlids has not been deeply studied, and it is a fundamental topic for understanding fish physiology, nutrition, trophic associations, and evolution. Objective: To describe anatomically and histologically the digestive tract of the Neotropical cichlid fish Cichlasoma dimerus and to immunolocalize the orexigenic peptide (Npy) along the intestine. Methods: We euthanized 14 adult individuals and fixed the organs in Bouin´s solution; we stained 7 μm thick paraffin sections for general description and with Alcian Blue (pH = 2.5, AB) and Periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) to identify acid or neutral glycoconjugates, respectively. Additionally, we performed immunohistochemistry for Npy in 3 adult individuals. We manually counted PAS- and AB-positive cells, and Npy-immunoreactive cells per fold. Results: There is a short oesophagus, a sac-like stomach, and a tubular intestine with two loops. The oesophagus has a stratified epithelium with a high density of PAS- and AB-positive goblet cells and striated muscle fibers in the tunica muscularis. The stomach mucosa is formed by simple columnar epithelium. The intestine has a simple columnar epithelium, with brush border and interspersed PAS- and AB-positive goblet cells, and Npy-immunoreactive cells. There is an ileorectal valve in the transition between the posterior intestine and the rectum. This last gut portion has goblet cells and a thicker tunica muscularis. Conclusions: C. dimerus shares features with other Neotropical cichlids, but the goblet cells and gastric glands distribution seems to be unique for the species. To our understanding, this is the first work to describe Npy-immunoreactive cells distribution in the intestine of a Neotropical cichlid fish.

Resumen Introducción: El tracto digestivo de los cíclidos neotropicales no ha sido profundamente estudiado y es un tema fundamental para entender la fisiología, nutrición, asociaciones tróficas y evolución de los peces. Objetivo: Describir anatómica e histológicamente el tracto digestivo del pez cíclido neotropical Cichlasoma dimerus e inmunolocalizar el péptido orexigénico (Npy) a lo largo del intestino. Métodos: Sacrificamos 14 individuos adultos y fijamos los órganos en solución de Bouin; teñimos secciones de parafina de 7 μm de espesor para una descripción general y con azul alcián (pH = 2.5, AB) y ácido periódico-Schiff (PAS) para identificar glicoconjugados ácidos o neutros, respectivamente. Además, en 3 individuos adultos se realizaron inmunohistoquímicas contra Npy. Contamos manualmente las células PAS y AB positivas, y las células inmunorreactivas a Npy por pliegue. Resultados: Hay un esófago corto, un estómago en forma de saco y un intestino con dos vueltas. El esófago tiene un epitelio estratificado con una alta densidad de células caliciformes PAS- y AB- positivas y fibras esqueléticas estriadas en las capas musculares. La mucosa del estómago está revestida por epitelio simple cilíndrico. El epitelio intestinal es simple cilíndrico con chapa estriada y células caliciformes PAS- y AB- positivas intercaladas, y células inmunorreactivas a Npy. Hay una válvula ileorrectal en la transición entre el intestino posterior y el recto. Esta última porción intestinal tiene células caliciformes y una túnica muscular más gruesa. Conclusiones: C. dimerus comparte características con otros cíclidos neotropicales, pero la distribución de las células caliciformes y las glándulas gástricas, serían rasgos propios de esta especie. A nuestro entender, este es el primer trabajo que describe la distribución de células inmunorreactivas a Npy en el intestino de un pez cíclido neotropical.

Comparative study of the histomorphological structure of the small intestine of Lonchura striata and Copsychus saularis / Estudio comparativo de la estructura histomorfológica del intestino delgado de Lonchura striata y Copsychus saularis

SUMMARY: Six Lonchura striata and six Copsychus saularis birds were selected in this study, morphological index of the small intestine was measured by quantitative biology and image analysis. The changes of goblet cells and Na+/K+ATPase were detected by AB-PAS staining and ELISA to inform the different mechanisms of the digestion and absorption of nutrients between the Lonchura striata and Copsychus saularis. The villus height, crypt depth and muscle thickness of each segment of small intestine of Lonchura striata were smaller than those of Copsychus saularis, and the difference of ileum muscle thickness was significant. In addition, the ileum villus height/crypt depth (VH/CD) value of Lonchura striata was significantly less than that of Copsychus saularis. The number of goblet cells in duodenum and jejunum of Lonchura striata and Copsychus saularis had no significant difference, but the number of goblet cells in ileum of Copsychus saularis was significantly larger than that of Lonchura striata. The vitality of Na+/K+-ATPase in different intestinal segments of the Lonchura striata and the Copsychus saularis was different. The vitality of Na+/K+-ATPase in the Lonchura striata was significantly higher than that of the Copsychus saularis. It can be concluded that the digestion and absorption capacity of Copsychus saularis and Lonchura striata are significantly different, and the reason may be due to their different diets and intestinal floras.

RESUMEN: En este estudio se seleccionaron seis aves Lonchura striata y seis Copsychus saularis, a las cuales se midió mediante biología cuantitativa y análisis de imágenes el índice morfológico del intestino delgado. Los cambios de las células caliciformes y Na+/K+ATPasa se detectaron mediante tinción AB- PAS y ELISA para informar los diferentes mecanismos de digestión y absorción de nutrientes entre Lonchura striata y Copsychus saularis. La altura de las vellosidades, la profundidad de las criptas y el grosor del músculo de cada segmento del intestino delgado de Lonchura striata fueron menores que los de Copsychus saularis, y se observó una diferencia significativa en el grosor de la músculatura del íleon. Además, el valor de la altura de la vellosidad del íleon/profundidad de la cripta (VH/CD) de Lonchura striata fue significativamente menor que el de Copsychus saularis. En el número de células caliciformes del duodeno y del yeyuno de Lonchura striata y Copsychus saularis no hubo una diferencia significativa, pero el número de células caliciformes en el íleon de Copsychus saularis fue significativamente mayor que el de Lonchura striata. Hubo diferencias en la vitalidad de Na+/K+-ATPasa en diferentes segmentos intestinales de Lonchura striata y Copsychus saularis. La vitalidad de Na+/K+-ATPasa en Lonchura striata fue significativamente mayor que la de Copsychus saularis. Se puede concluir que la capacidad de digestión y absorción de Copsychus saularis y Lonchura striata son significativamente diferentes, posiblemente debido a sus distintas dietas y floras intestinales.

Clinicopathologic features and prognosis of appendendicular goblet cell adenocarcinoma / 中华普通外科杂志

Objective:To investigate the clinicopathological characteristics, and prognosis of appendiceal goblet cell adenocarcinoma(GCA).Methods:The clinical and pathological data of 21 GCA cases were retrospectively analyzed, and their pathological morphology, immunohistochemical phenotype, genetic alteration and clinical treatment and prognosis were studied.Results:Most of the 21 patients showed appendicitis, with appendectomy alone or extensive resection of the tumor, followed by chemotherapy. There were 12 low-grade and 9 moderate and high-grade patients by pathological examination, and tumor cells express CEA, CK20, SATB-2, Syn(19/21), CgA(18/21), CD56(18/21), Ki67(+,10%-50%),and one patient had mutations in the BRAF gene.Depth of tumor infiltration ( r=0.716, P<0.001), and TNM stage ( r=0.816, P<0.001) were all positively correlated with the grade of GCA. After 19 to 98 months of follow-up, one patient relapsed and one patient died. Conclusions:Appendiceal GCA is a kind of tumor with bidirectional differentiation characteristics. Its morphology and biological behavior lineage are relatively broad, especially the high level is more aggressive, hence more active treatment should be adopted.

Progress in the correlation between mucin and ocular surface diseases / 国际眼科杂志(Guoji Yanke Zazhi)

@#Mucin is the key factor to determine the stability of tear film and is crucial to maintain ocular surface homeostasis. Goblet cells can alter the secretion of mucin in corneal and conjunctival epithelial cells, contributing to dry eye disease and ocular surface inflammation. Based on the understanding of mucin biology, this review makes a summary on the potential relationship between mucin dysfunction and ocular surface diseases, and we hope to deepen the understanding of the importance of mucin and select the most appropriate treatment plan on the basis of ocular surface diseases.

Anatomía general, histología y morfometría del sistema digestivo del pez Pterophyllum scalare (Perciformes: Cichlidae)

Introducción: El pez escalar (Pterophyllum scalare) es una de las principales especies de peces ornamentales comercializados de Sur América. Objetivo: Describir histológica y morfométricamente el tracto digestivo del pez tropical P. scalare. Métodos: Se utilizaron 19 individuos adultos, y se calculó el coeficiente intestinal. Se realizó una descripción macroscópica e histológica del esófago, estómago e intestino (región anterior parte a, anterior parte b, media y posterior). Las muestras fueron procesadas en parafina, se obtuvieron cortes de 5 µm, que fueron teñidos con H&E y P.A.S. Se realizó conteo de células P.A.S +. Para la morfometría se digitalizaron los cortes y se midió el área y perímetro del lumen, y el área tisular para cada región. Resultados: P. scalare presenta un esófago corto, un estómago en forma de saco ciego poco muscular junto a un intestino con una longitud similar a su tamaño, coeficiente intestinal (1.66 +/- 0.52). Se identificaron cuatro capas constitutivas: mucosa, submucosa, muscular y en algunas regiones serosa. El esófago se destacó por ser la región con mayor número de células caliciformes P.A.S. + y mayor área tisular. En cuanto al área y perímetro luminar, la región anterior parte a del intestino fue la de mayor valor. Conclusiones: A partir del coeficiente intestinal (1.66 +/- 0.52), y las características histológicas y morfométricas de los órganos evaluados, se puede decir que P. scalare presenta un hábito alimenticio omnívoro con preferencia de presas blandas.

Introduction: Ornamental Angel fish (Pterophyllum scalare) is one of the main commercialized species from South America, with an important number of national and international dealers. Objective: To make a histological and morphometric description of P. scalare digestive tract. Methods: Nineteen adult individuals were used. Intestinal coefficient values were obtained, and a macroscopic and microscopic description of esophagus, stomach, and intestine (anterior, middle and posterior) was carried out. Samples were processed for paraffin embedding, and 5 µm sections were stained with H&E and P.A.S. Positive P.A.S. cells were counted. Lumen area and tissue area were measured in representative digitalized sections from each region. Results: P. scalare exhibited a short esophagus, followed by a blind bag shaped, scarcely muscular stomach, and a short intestine (intestinal coefficient 1.66 +/- 0.52). Four constitutive tissue layers were identified: mucosa, submucosa, muscular and in some areas also a serosa layer. Esophagus exhibit abundant globet P.A.S. + cells and shows the larger tisular area was observed. Luminal area and perimeter are larger in anterior intestinal region. Conclusions: The intestinal coefficient value (1.66 +/- 0.52), and the histological and morphometric characteristics of the evaluated organs, suggest that P. scalare is omnivorous with soft prey preferences.

Effects of benzalkonium chloride and cyclosporine applied topically to rabbit conjunctiva: a histomorphometric study / Efeitos do uso tópico do conservante cloreto de benzalcônio e ciclosporina na conjuntiva de coelhos: estudo histomorfométrico

ABSTRACT Purpose: Chronic instillation of benzalkonium chloride, a preservative, has inflammatory effects on the ocular surface. However, addition of the anti-inflammatory agent cyclosporine to a therapeutic protocol may mitigate these effects. This study compared the toxic effects of a 0.1% benzalkonium chloride solution and the possible protective effect of 0.05% cyclosporine when applied topically to the rabbit conjunctiva. Methods: Fifteen age- and weight-matched, female New Zealand white rabbits were categorized into three groups and treated for 30 consecutive days. Group 1, 2, and 3 - benzalkonium chloride received 0.1% every 24 h, 0.05% cyclosporine every 6 h, and both treatments, respectively. In each rabbit, the left eye was subjected to treatment and the right eye was a control. The rabbits were euthanized at after the experiment. Goblet cells and blood vessels were then enumerated in conjunctival tissues stained with periodic acid-Schiff and hematoxylin-eosin, respectively. Differences between treated and untreated eyes and between groups were compared using the t-test and analysis of variance. Results: Benzalkonium chloride treatment, with and without cyclosporine, significantly reduced (p≤0.05) in the number of goblet cells in treatment eyes compared with that in respective control eyes. Alternatively, adding cyclosporine to benzalkonium chloride did not prevent the loss of conjunctival goblet cells, and a significant reduction in the number of goblet cells was noted. Benzalkonium chloride-induced significant increase in the number of new blood vessels was mitigated significantly by the addition of cyclosporine. Conclusion: This study demonstrated the magnitude of conjunctival injury caused by chronic instillation of benzalkonium chloride. Although cyclosporine did not mitigate the effects on goblet cells, its addition minimized inflammatory angiogenesis induced by benzalkonium chloride.

RESUMO Objetivo: A instilação crônica de cloreto de benzal­cônio, um conservante, tem efeitos inflamatórios na superfície ocular. No entanto, a adição do agente anti-inflamatório ciclosporina a um protocolo terapêutico pode atenuar esses efeitos. Este estudo comparou os efeitos tóxicos de uma solução de cloreto de benzalcônio a 0,1% e o possível efeito protetor de ciclosporina a 0,05% quando aplicado topicamente à conjuntiva de coelho. Métodos: Quinze coelhos fêmeas brancos da raça Nova Zelândia, pareados por idade e peso, foram categorizados em três grupos e tratados por 30 dias consecutivos. Os grupos 1, 2 e 3 - receberam cloreto de benzalcônio 0,1% a cada 24h, ciclosporina a 0,005% a cada 6h e ambos os tratamentos, respectivamente. Em cada coelho, o olho esquerdo foi submetido a tratamento e o olho direito foi controle. Os coelhos foram submetidos à eutanásia após o experimento. Células caliciformes e vasos sanguíneos foram então enumerados em tecidos conjuntivais corados com ácido periódico-Schiff e hematoxilina-eosina, respectivamente. As diferenças entre os olhos tratados e não tratados e entre os grupos foram comparadas usando o teste t e análise de variância. Resultados: O tratamento com cloreto de benzalcônio, com e sem ciclosporina, reduziu significativamente (p£0,05) o número de células caliciformes nos olhos tratados em comparação com os olhos controle correspondentes. Alternativamente, a adição de ciclosporina ao cloreto de benzalcônio não impediu a perda de células caliciformes conjuntivais, e foi observada uma redução significativa no número de células caliciformes. O aumento significativo induzido pelo cloreto de benzalcônio no número de novos vasos sanguíneos foi significativamente mitigado pela adição da ciclosporina. Conclusão: Este estudo demonstrou a magnitude da lesão conjuntival resultante da instilação crônica de cloreto de benzalcônio. Embora a ciclosporina não tenha atenuado os efeitos nas células caliciformes, sua adição minimizou a angiogênese inflamatória induzida pelo cloreto de benzalcônio.

Prostatic Histopathologic and Electron Microscopic Changes Following Intraperitoneal Injection of Gold Nanorods to Male Albino Rats

The field of nanomedicine has been developed to achieve enhanced and targeted delivery of biomolecules including nanoparticles. Despitetheir convenience, metal nanoparticles confront strenuous challenges including toxicity, low translocation ability into cells and clearancefrom the organs. This study aims to detect the in vivo cellular interaction between prostatic tissues and gold nanorods on the prostatic tissueand to detect the short-term effect of the gold nanorods to reach prostatic tissue by histopathologic and electron microscopic examinations.Forty-eight adult male albino rats (180-200 g) were used. They were divided into 2 equal groups. The 1st group received injection of saline0.9% (i.P); while, the 2nd group received 1 ml of 300 μg/kg body weight of AuNRs. On days 1, 3, 7, and 14 post-treatment, six animals fromeach group were sacrificed and the prostate was dissected and cut into two sections for performing histopathologic and EM study. It hasbeen found that the short term effect of gold nanorods induced pyknotic and apoptotic changes as well as presence of phagocytosis in theprostate tissues. From this study, it could be concluded that gold nanorods have reached prostate tissue; therefore, it could be helpful inupcoming days to establish a concept on the role of gold nanorods in the management of cellular biological behaviors.

Role of goblet cells in the progression of Barrett′s esophagus / 中华消化杂志

Objective@#To investigate the clinical pathological features of Barrett′s esophagus in China, and to study the relationship between the number of goblet cells and the severity of Barrett′s esophageal dysplasia.@*Methods@#From January 2008 to October 2018, in the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, the clinical and pathological data of 453 patients who underwent gastroscopy and pathologically diagnosed with Barrett′s esophagus were retrospectively analyzed. The clinical pathological features were compared between patients with goblet cells and patients without goblet cells. Periodic acid Schiff reaction (PAS) staining was performed on pathological slides of Barrett′s esophagus with goblet cells, and the relationship between the number of goblet cells, the number of positive crypts of goblet cells and the severity of Barrett′s esophageal dysplasia was analyzed. T test and chi-square test were performed for statistical analysis.@*Results@#Among 453 patients with Barrett′s esophagus, 251 (55.4%) were males and 202 (44.6%) were females. There were 218 Barrett′s esophagus with goblet cells, including 128 males (58.7%) and 90 females (41.3%). The average onset age was (60.6±11.9) years old, and the peak onset age was between 60 and 69 years old. The appearance under endoscopy mainly was circumferential type (58.2%, 127/218). There were 235 Barrett′s esophagus without goblet cells, 123 males (52.3%) and 112 females (47.7%). The average onset age was (56.1±14.4) years old, and the peak onset age was between 50 and 59 years old. The appearance under endoscopy was mainly circumferential type (40.0%, 94/235). The incidence of dysplasia in Barrett′s esophagus with goblet cells was higher than that without goblet cells (75.7%, 165/218 vs. 37.0%, 87/235), and the difference was statistically significant (χ2=68.501, P<0.01). PAS staining showed that goblet cells were stained purplish red. The number of goblet cells, total number of crypts, the number of positive crypts of goblet cells and the proportion of positive crypts of goblet cells of Barrett′s esophagus with mild dysplasia were all significantly higher than those of Barrett′s esophagus with moderate dysplasia (95.50±40.56 vs. 40.00±13.34, 21.00±8.31 vs. 11.83±2.92, 16.50±6.17 vs. 7.50±2.47 and 0.79±0.42 vs. 0.63±0.12, respectively), and the differences were statistically significant(t=-4.503, -3.605, -4.690 and -4.340, all P<0.01).@*Conclusion@#Barrett′s esophageal dysplasia may be related with appearance of goblet cells, and the decrease or disappearance of goblet cells may indicate the progression of Barrett′s esophagus.

The effect comparision of femtosecond laser-assisted phacoemusification and microincision phacoemusification on ocular surface / 中华实验眼科杂志

Objective@#To compare the effects of femtosecond laser-assisted phacoemusification and microincision phacoemusification on ocular surface.@*Methods@#A nonrandomized comparative cohort study was designed.The study recruited 116 eyes of 116 patients with age-related cataract in Hankou Aier Eye Hospital from January to March 2018.Consecutive patients were divided into femtosecond laser-assisted phacoemulsification group (femtosecond laser group for short) (55 eyes) and microincision phacoemulsification group (microincision group for short) (61 eyes). The ocular surface disease index(OSDI), break-up time of tear film (BUT), corneal flurescein staining, Schirmer Ⅰ test (SⅠt) and goblet cell density were sequentially evaluated preoperatively and postoperatively at 1 week and 1 month.This study followed the Declaration of Helsinki.Written informed consent was obtained from each subject prior to entering study cohort.This study protocol was approved by Ethic Committee of Hankou Aier Eye Hospital (No.2017IRB01).@*Results@#At 1 day after surgery, the best corrected distance visual acuity (BCDVA) (LogMAR visual acuity) was 0.14(0.10, 0.24) and 0.20 (0.17, 0.27), respectively in the femtosecond laser group and the microincision group.BCDVA in the femtosecond laser group was better than that in the microincision group, with a significant difference between them(U=-3.140, P=0.002). Compared with the microincision group, the operation time was longer, the phaco time was shorter, the cumulative dissipated energy was lower, and the balanced salt solution perfusion volume was less in the femtosecond laser group, with significant differences between them (all at P<0.001). Compared with the pre-operation, the mean OSDI socres, BUT and goblet cell density were significantly decreased, and the fluorescein staining scores were significantly increased at 7 days and 30 days after surgery in the femtosecond laser group and the microincision group, with significant differences between them (all at P<0.05). The SⅠt value fluctuations in the two groups were small at different time points before and after operation, and the overall comparative differences between the two groups and different time points had no statistical significances (Fgroup=0.510, P=0.477; Ftime=0.741, P=0.479).@*Conclusions@#Compared with microincision phacoemusification, patients who had femtosecond laser-assisted phacoemusification have more severe ocular surface staining, shorter tear film time and more reduction of goblet cell count at the early stage.

Role of goblet cells in the progression of Barrett's esophagus / 中华消化杂志

Objective To investigate the clinical pathological features of Barrett's esophagus in China , and to study the relationship between the number of goblet cells and the severity of Barrett 's esophageal dysplasia.Methods From January 2008 to October 2018, in the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital , the clinical and pathological data of 453 patients who underwent gastroscopy and pathologically diagnosed with Barrett 's esophagus were retrospectively analyzed .The clinical pathological features were compared between patients with goblet cells and patients without goblet cells . Periodic acid Schiff reaction (PAS) staining was performed on pathological slides of Barrett's esophagus with goblet cells, and the relationship between the number of goblet cells , the number of positive crypts of goblet cells and the severity of Barrett's esophageal dysplasia was analyzed .T test and chi-square test were performed for statistical analysis.Results Among 453 patients with Barrett's esophagus, 251 (55.4%) were males and 202 (44.6%) were females.There were 218 Barrett's esophagus with goblet cells , including 128 males (58.7%) and 90 females (41.3%).The average onset age was (60.6 ±11.9) years old, and the peak onset age was between 60 and 69 years old.The appearance under endoscopy mainly was circumferential type (58.2%, 127/218).There were 235 Barrett's esophagus without goblet cells , 123 males (52.3%) and 112 females (47.7%).The average onset age was (56.1 ±14.4) years old, and the peak onset age was between 50 and 59 years old.The appearance under endoscopy was mainly circumferential type (40.0%, 94/235).The incidence of dysplasia in Barrett's esophagus with goblet cells was higher than that without goblet cells (75.7%, 165/218 vs.37.0%, 87/235), and the difference was statistically significant (χ2 ＝68.501, P?0.01).PAS staining showed that goblet cells were stained purplish red .The number of goblet cells , total number of crypts , the number of positive crypts of goblet cells and the proportion of positive crypts of goblet cells of Barrett 's esophagus with mild dysplasia were all significantly higher than those of Barrett 's esophagus with moderate dysplasia (95.50 ±40.56 vs.40.00 ±13.34, 21.00 ±8.31 vs.11.83 ±2.92, 16.50 ±6.17 vs.7.50 ± 2.47 and 0.79 ±0.42 vs.0.63 ±0.12, respectively), and the differences were statistically significant ( t＝-4.503,-3.605,-4.690 and -4.340, all P?0.01).Conclusion Barrett's esophageal dysplasia may be related with appearance of goblet cells , and the decrease or disappearance of goblet cells may indicate the progression of Barrett's esophagus.

Effects of ulinastatin on rat postoperative ileus and intestinal barrier function / 中国药理学通报

Aim To study the effect of ulinastatin(UTI) on postoperative ileus(POI) and the intestinal barrier function in SD rats. Methods UTI was injected in three doses before, after and during abdominal surgery in SD rats. Evans blue was given by gavage 48 hours after the surgery and gastrointestinal propulsion rate was measured 30 minutes later. The end of ileum was collected for HE staining and AB/PAS staining to make tissue sections. The morphology of the intestinal villi and the number of goblet cells were observed under a light microscope. D-lactate and endotoxin kits were used to evaluate intestinal permeability. cDNA was extracted from the intestinal tissues to detect the levels of inflammatory factors and intestinal barrier-related genes by qPCR. Results In POI model group, the gastrointestinal propulsion rate decreased, and villi structure of small intestine was severely damaged; the levels of D-lactate, endotoxin and inflammatory factor mRNA increased; the number of goblet cells in crypt increased; the levels of MUC2 and MUC3 mRNA increased; the level of HD5 mRNA decreased. Pretreatment with medium dose UTI could significantly reverse the above situation. Conclusions Pretreatment with medium dose UTI can effectively reduce the intestinal inflammation and restore partially the intestinal barrier function in POI rats, thus preventing and treating the decrease of gastrointestinal propulsion rate caused by POI.

Effect of 0, 15% sodium hialuronate and 0, 5% carboxymethylcellulose on tear film breakup time in healthy dogs and in dogs with keratoconjunctivitis sicca / Efeito do hialuronato de sódio a 0, 15% e da carboximetilcelulose sódica a 0, 5% no tempo de ruptura do filme lacrimal de cães saudáveis e com ceratoconjuntivite seca

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of the 0.15% sodium hyaluronate (SH) and of 0.5% carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) on tear film breakup time (TFBUT) in 10 healthy dogs and in 32 eyes of dogs with keratoconjunctivis sicca (KCS). In addition, the goblet cell density (GCD) of this population was quantified. TFBUT was assessed at baseline and at different time points following the instillation of SH and CMC. KCS was graded as mild, moderate, and severe. GCD were quantified from conjunctival biopsies. The number of GCD differed significantly between patients with mild and moderate KCS (P<0.01). TFBUT of healthy dogs increased only for 1 minute after treatment with SH (P<0.01). Regarding baseline and treatments, SH significantly increased TFBUT for up to 30 minutes on the ocular surface, in comparison to CMC, in all categories of KCS (P<0.01). TFBUT and GCD correlated positively when the healthy and diseased eyes were grouped (r=0.41, P=0.006). It can be concluded that in dogs with KCS, SH lasts longer periods on the ocular surface than CMC, but such agents does not increase TFBUT in healthy dogs. Additionally, tear film stability tends to reduce in a linear fashion from the mild to severe form of KCS.(AU)

Objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos do hialuronato de sódio a 0,15% (HS) e da carboximetilcelulose a 0,5% (CMC) no teste de ruptura do filme lacrimal (TRFL) em 10 cães saudáveis e em 32 olhos de cães com ceratoconjuntivite seca (CCS). Ademais, quantificou-se a densidade de células caliciformes (DCC) deles. Mensurou-se o TRFL em momentos distintos antes e após a instilação do HS e da CMC. Graduou-se a CCS em leve, moderada e severa. Quantificou-se a DCC a partir de biópsias conjuntivais. A DCC diferiu apenas entre pacientes com CCS leve e severa (P<0,01). Em cães saudáveis, o TRFL se elevou apenas após um minuto do tratamento com HS (P<0,01). Relativamente ao período basal e entre os tratamentos, o HS elevou o TRFL de forma mais eficaz e permaneceu por até 30 minutos na superfície ocular, comparativamente à CMC, em todas as categorias de CCS (P<0,01). Ao se agruparem os olhos saudáveis e os com CCS, o TRFL se correlacionou com a DCC (r=0.41, P=0.006). Conclui-se que o HS permanece por maior tempo na superfície ocular que a CMC em cães com CCS, mas que tais substâncias não elevam o TRFL em cães saudáveis. Ademais, a estabilidade do filme lacrimal tende a se reduzir de modo linear da forma leve até à severa da CCS.(AU)

Histomorphometric demonstration of the effect of chronic use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs–ibuprofen on mucosa of small intestine / 대한해부학회지

The purpose of this study was to ascertain change in structure of mucosa of small intestine, if any, in small intestine of Swiss albino mice as an effect of chronic use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs–Ibuprofen. Longitudinal study conducted on 46 adult Swiss albino mice, 23 as experimental and 23 as control. Ibuprofen was given at a dose of 40 µg/g body weight per day for 6 weeks by intragastric route in experimental group of mice while control group of mice received same volume of distilled water. Mice of both the groups were sacrificed and desired segments of small intestines were dissected out and tissues were subjected to histological processing. Histomorphometry was performed and relevant photomicrographs were obtained. Student's unpaired t test by GraphPad Prism 6 software. Height of villi was not significantly altered but there was significant reduction of the number of goblet and non-goblet cells (enterocytes and other columnar cells) in mucosal lining of the small intestine of experimental group of mice. Percent distribution of the goblet and non-goblet cells was not altered in villi of two groups. Chronic exposure of Ibuprofen in therapeutic dosage caused reduction of the functional cell mass in lining epithelium of villi of middle segment of small intestine. However, there was no evidence of ulcerative or hemorrhagic lesion.

Effects of sIL-13Rα2 on the nasal mucosa goblet cell apoptosis of allergic rhinitis of rats / 中华耳鼻咽喉头颈外科杂志

Objective@#To investigate the effects of sIL-13Rα2 on the apoptosis of goblet cell in nasal mucosa of allergic rhinitis rats.@*Methods@#Forty healthy male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 4 groups (10 rats per group): control group (group A), AR group (group B), sIL-13Rα2 group (group C) and triamcinolone acetonide group (group D). Ovalbumin (OVA) and aluminum hydroxide were used to establish the AR rat model. After the establishment of AR rat models, 50 μl PBS, 100 μg/50 μl IL-13Rα2 and 3.5 μg/50 μl triamcinolone acetonide were respectively dropped into each nasal cavity of every rat two times a week from 4 to 10 week in group B, group C and group D. Group A was operated with saline instead of OVA. The nasal mucosa tissues were collected at 24 h after the final administration. AB-PAS staining method was used to detect the quantity and secretion of goblet cells in the nasal mucosa tissue of all groups. Immunohistochemistry method was used to detect the expression of Bax proteins.Apoptosis was detected by TUNEL method.ANOVA analysis was used to compare multiple groups, and LSD-t test was used to compare the two groups.Pearson correlation analysis was used to analyze the correlation between the Bax positive cell rate of goblet cells and the rate of apoptotic cells. The difference was statistically significant with P<0.05.@*Results@#Compared with group A, there were more goblet cells and hypersecretion of mucus in the nasal mucosa tissue of rats in group B while fewer in group C. The goblet cells in group C and group D were significantly fewer than that in group B (0.639 00±0.831 vs 0.956 7±0.980, 0.661 90±0.657 vs 0.956 7±0.980, t value was 2.748, 2.767, respectively, all P<0.05). The immunohistochemistry results showed that the positive expression rates of Bax protein in goblet cells of group C and group D were significantly higher than that in group B (0.880 2±0.125 vs 0.568 7±0.953, 0.938 4±0.200 vs 0.568 7±0.953, t value was -2.292, -2.685, respectively, all P<0.05). The apoptosis rates of goblet cell in nasal mucosa of group C and group D were also significantly higher than that in group B (0.516 0±0.079 vs 0.274 0±0.056, 0.535 4±0.829 vs 0.274 0±0.056, t value was -17.671, -2.225, respectively, all P<0.05). The expression of Bax protein and apoptosis of goblet cells were positively correlated (r=0.859, P<0.01).@*Conclusion@#sIL-13Rα2 can induce apoptosis of the goblet cells in nasal mucosa of allergic rhinitis rats, by inhibiting IL-13 and up regulating Bax.

Effect of Down-regulated MUC2 Transcription on Intestinal Permeability in Rats With Acute Necrotizing Pancreatitis / 胃肠病学

Background:Acute pancreatitis can induce intestinal barrier dysfunction in its early phase,which is closely related with the progression and prognosis of the disease. Intestinal mucus layer not only serves as a physical barrier between pathogens and epithelium,but also plays a critical role in the maintenance of intestinal barrier function. Aims:To investigate the expression and role of mucin 2 (MUC2)in injured intestinal barrier in rats with acute necrotizing pancreatitis (ANP). Methods:Forty-two male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into two groups:the sham operation (SO)group and ANP group,which were induced via a retrograde injection of 3. 5% sodium taurocholate into biliopancreatic duct. Blood,pancreas and colon samples were obtained 6,12 and 24 hours after establishing the ANP model for determination of serum amylase and D-lactate (an indicator of intestinal permeability)and histopathological examination. PAS/ AB staining was used to observe the colon mucus layer and goblet cells,and the expressions of MUC2 and inflammatory cytokines in colonic tissue were detected by real-time PCR. Results:ANP models were successfully established. In ANP group,obvious colonic injury,increased intestinal permeability,thinner colon mucus layer,reduced mucin-containing goblet cells,down-regulated MUC2 mRNA and up-regulated tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β)and interferon-γ (IFN-γ)mRNAs were observed at each time point as compared with those in SO group (P < 0. 05). Spearman correlation coefficient revealed that MUC2 expression was negatively correlated with the intestinal permeability and expression of inflammatory cytokines in ANP group (P < 0. 05). Conclusions:Transcription of MUC2 is significantly down-regulated in colonic tissue of ANP rats,and might be associated with increased intestinal permeability and excessive expression of inflammatory cytokines in early phase of ANP.

KTP laser combined with drainage tube implantation for lacrimal duct obstruction patients / 国际眼科杂志(Guoji Yanke Zazhi)

@#AIM: To analyze the influence and safety of KTP laser combined with drainage tube implantation for lacrimal duct obstruction patients.<p>METHODS: Totally 200 patients(200 eyes)randomly selected from June 2012 to September 2015 in our hospital was diagnosed with lacrimal duct obstruction and treated with KTP laser combined drainage tube implantation. The ocular surface condition, including tear break-up time, fern-like crystals, dry eye symptoms questionnaire, lissamine green staining, corneal fluorescein staining, were assessed before and 1mo after surgery.<p>RESULTS: At 1mo after surgery, the tear secretion increased significantly. After extubation, tear secretion decreased significantly compared to the preoperative(<i>P</i><0.05). The results of the questionnaire showed that the symptoms improved significantly after surgery. There were no significant differences between tear break-up time, fern-like crystals and conjunctival goblet cells before and after surgery, or after extubation.<p>CONCLUSION: KTP laser combined with drainage tube implantation can improve the symptoms and quality of life for lacrimal duct obstruction patients.

Análise morfométrica da parede intestinal e dinâmica de mucinas secretadas no jejuno de frangos suplementados com probiótico Bacillus subtilis cepa C3102 / Morphometric analysis of the intestinal wall and the dynamic of mucins secreted in the jejunum of broilers supplemented with Bacillus subtilis strain C3102

O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a morfometria da parede intestinal e a dinâmica de mucinas secretadas no jejuno de frangos de corte suplementadas com probiótico Bacillus subtilis cepa C3102. Foram utilizados 720 pintinhos com um dia de vida, divididos em dois grupos: GA (Grupo controle) - aves alimentadas com ração sem suplementação de Bacillus subtilis cepa C3102 (1º ao 35º dia) e GB (Grupo tratado) - aves alimentadas com ração com suplementação de Bacillus subtilis cepa C3102 (1º ao 35º dia). Aos 7 e 35 dias 2cm do jejuno foram coletados e submetidos à rotina de processamento histológico. Cortes transversais de 1μm foram corados pela técnica do Alcian Blue (AB) para detecção de sialomucinas (pH 0,5) e sulfomucinas (pH 2,5), como também para contagem de células caliciformes presentes. A análise histoquímica revelou uma maior quantidade de sialomucinas presentes no jejuno dos animais que foram suplementados com probiótico Bacillus subtilis cepa C3102 (GB), quando comparados com os animais do grupo controle (GA). O número de células caliciformes presentes no grupo tratado (GB) foi superior ao grupo controle (GA).

The aim of this study was to analyze the morphology of the intestinal wall and the dynamics of mucins secreted in the jejunum of broilers supplemented with probiotic Bacillus subtilis strain C3102. We used 720 chicks with a day of life, divided into two groups: GA (control group) - birds fed diet without supplementation of Bacillus subtilis strain C3102 (1 to 35 days) and GB (treated group) - birds fed with supplementation of Bacillus subtilis strain C3102 (1 to 35 days). On the 7th and the 35th day, 2cm of jejunum were collected and submitted to histological processing. 1μm cross sections were stained by Alcian blue (AB) for detecting of sialomucins (pH 0.5) and sulphomucins (pH 2.5) as well as to count goblet cells. Histochemical analysis revealed a greater amount of sialomucins in the jejunum of animals that were supplemented with probiotic Bacillus subtilis strain C3102 (GB), when compared with the control group (GA). The number of goblet cells in the treated group (GB) was higher than the control group (GA).

Histochemical differences along the intestine of Corydoras paleatus (Siluriformes: Callichthyidae) / Diferencias histoquímicas a lo largo del intestino de Corydoras paleatus (Siluriformes: Callichthyidae)

AbstractThe Neotropical catfish Corydoras paleatus is a facultative air-breather and the caudal half of the intestine is involved in gas exchange. In South America, air-breathing fishes are found in tropical or sub-tropical freshwaters where the probability of hypoxia is high. The aim of this study was to characterize by traditional histochemical and lectinhistochemical methods the pattern of carbohydrate in the intestinal mucosa. Intestine samples were taken from 25 healthy adult specimens collected in Buenos Aires (Argentina). Samples were fixed by immersion in 10 % buffered formalin and routinely processed and embedded in paraffin wax. Subsequently, these sections were incubated in the biotinylated lectins battery. Labeled Streptavidin-Biotin (LSAB) system was used for detection, diaminobenzidine as chromogen and haematoxylin as a contrast. To locate and distinguish glycoconjugates (GCs) of the globet cells, we used the following histochemical methods: PAS; PAS*S; KOH/ PA*S; PA/Bh/KOH/PAS; KOH/PA*/Bh/PAS; Alcian Blue and Toluidine Blue at different pHs. Microscopically, the general structure of vertebrate intestine was observed and showed all the cell types characteristic of the intestinal epithelium. The cranial sector of catfish intestine is a site of digestion and absorption and its structure is similar to other fish groups. In contrast, enterocytes of the caudal portion are low cuboidal cells; and between these, globet cells and capillaries are observed, these latter may reach the mucosal lumen. Underlying the epithelium, observed a well-developed lamina propria-submucosa made of connective tissue; this layer was highly vascularized and did not exhibit glands. According to histochemistry, the diverse GCs elaborated and secreted in the intestine are associated with specific functions in relation to their physiological significance, with special reference to their role in lubrication, buffering effect and prevention of proteolytic damage to the epithelium together with other biological processes, such as osmoregulation and ion exchange. The lectinhistochemical analysis of the intestinal mucosa reveals the presence of terminal residues of glucose, mannose and galactose. In conclusion, this study has shown that GCs synthesized in the intestine of C. paleatus exhibit a high level of histochemical complexity and that the lectin binding pattern of the intestinal mucosa is characteristic of each species and the variations are related with the multiple functions performed by the mucus in the digestive tract. The information generated here may be a relevant biological tool for comparing and analyzing the possible glycosidic changes in the intestinal mucus under different conditions, such as changes in diet or different pathological stages. Rev. Biol. Trop. 64 (1): 327-340. Epub 2016 March 01.

ResumenEl pez neotropical Corydoras paleatus, de respiración aérea de tipo facultativa, utiliza el sector caudal del intestino para el intercambio gaseoso. En América del Sur, los peces con respiración aérea se encuentran en las aguas dulceacuícolas tropicales y subtropicales, donde la probabilidad de hipoxia es alta. El objetivo de este trabajo fue caracterizar mediante técnicas histoquímicas tradicionales y de lectinhistoquímica el patrón de carbohidratos de la mucosa intestinal. Para ello se utilizaron muestras de intestino de 25 ejemplares sanos adultos recolectados en la provincia de Buenos Aires (Argentina). Las muestras fueron fijadas en formol amortiguado al 10 % y se procesaron para su inclusión en parafina. Posteriormente, los cortes fueron incubados con una batería de lectinas biotiniladas. Se utilizó el sistema de marcado con estreptavidina-biotina (LSAB) para su detección, diaminobencidina como cromógeno y hematoxilina como colorante de contraste. Para localizar y diferenciar los glicoconjugados (GCs) de las células caliciformes, se utilizaron las siguientes técnicas histoquímicas: PAS, PAS*S, PAPS, KOH/PA*S, PA/Bh/KOH/PAS, KOH/PA*/Bh/PAS, Azul Alcian y Azul de Toluidina a diferentes pHs. Microscópicamente, se observa la estructura general del intestino de los vertebrados y el epitelio intestinal presenta todos los tipos celulares característicos de esta región. El sector craneal del intestino de este teleósteo, es el sitio de digestión y absorción, y posee una estructura similar a la de otros grupos de peces. En cambio, los enterocitos de la porción caudal, son células cúbicas bajas, entre ellos se observan células caliciformes y capilares sanguíneas que llegan hasta el lumen de la mucosa. Por fuera del epitelio, se observa una lámina propia-submucosa muy desarrollada compuesta por tejido conectivo, altamente vascularizada que no presenta glándulas. De acuerdo con las técnicas histoquímicas, los diversos GCs elaborados y secretados por la mucosa intestinal se encuentran asociados con funciones específicas de importancia fisiológica, como su rol en la lubricación, su efecto amortiguador y la prevención de daños proteolíticos del epitelio junto con otros procesos biológicos, tales como la osmorregulación y el intercambio iónico. El análisis lectinhistoquímico de la mucosa intestinal revela la presencia de residuos terminales de glucosa, manosa y galactosa. En conclusión, en este estudio se demuestra que los GCs sintetizados en el intestino de C. paleatus muestran un alto nivel de complejidad histoquímica y que el patrón de unión de lectina de la mucosa intestinal es característico para cada especie y las variaciones se hallan relacionadas con las múltiples funciones realizadas por el mucus en el tracto digestivo. La información brindada en este trabajo es una herramienta de relevancia biológica para comparar y analizar los posibles cambios glicosídicos del mucus intestinal bajo diferentes condiciones como los cambios en la dieta o diferentes estados patológicos.